What term describes the testing that uncovers new bugs introduced by patches or configuration changes?

The appropriate term for testing that identifies new bugs introduced by patches or configuration changes is regression testing. This type of testing is specifically designed to ensure that the most recent changes to the software haven't disrupted existing functionalities. When developers implement patches or modifications, it's essential to confirm that they do not negatively impact the original features of the application. Regression testing re-executes previously completed tests to validate that the previous capabilities remain intact notwithstanding the recent updates.

Other testing types mentioned serve different purposes. Unit testing evaluates individual components for correctness; smoke testing verifies the stability of a build with a primary assessment; integration testing focuses on the interactions between integrated components or systems rather than the confirmation of prior functionalities. Each of these serves a vital role in the development lifecycle, but regression testing is uniquely positioned to test the integrity of previously fixed or stable features following changes.